dask_ml.decomposition.PCA

dask_ml.decomposition.PCA

class dask_ml.decomposition.PCA(n_components=None, copy=True, whiten=False, svd_solver='auto', tol=0.0, iterated_power=0, random_state=None)

Principal component analysis (PCA)

Linear dimensionality reduction using Singular Value Decomposition of the data to project it to a lower dimensional space.

It uses the “tsqr” algorithm from Benson et. al. (2013). See the References for more.

Read more in the User Guide.

Parameters
n_componentsint, or None

Number of components to keep. if n_components is not set all components are kept:

n_components == min(n_samples, n_features)

Note

Unlike scikit-learn, n_components='mle' and n_components between (0, 1) are not currently supported.

copybool (default True)

ignored

whitenbool, optional (default False)

When True (False by default) the components_ vectors are multiplied by the square root of n_samples and then divided by the singular values to ensure uncorrelated outputs with unit component-wise variances.

Whitening will remove some information from the transformed signal (the relative variance scales of the components) but can sometime improve the predictive accuracy of the downstream estimators by making their data respect some hard-wired assumptions.

svd_solverstring {‘auto’, ‘full’, ‘tsqr’, ‘randomized’}
auto :

the solver is selected by a default policy based on X.shape and n_components: if the input data is larger than 500x500 and the number of components to extract is lower than 80% of the smallest dimension of the data, then the more efficient ‘randomized’ method is enabled. Otherwise the exact full SVD is computed and optionally truncated afterwards.

full :

run exact full SVD and select the components by postprocessing

randomized :

run randomized SVD by using da.linalg.svd_compressed.

tolfloat >= 0, optional (default .0)

ignored

iterated_powerint >= 0, default 0

Number of iterations for the power method computed by svd_solver == ‘randomized’.

random_stateint, RandomState instance or None, optional (default None)

If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator; If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator; If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used by da.random. Used when svd_solver == ‘randomized’.

Attributes
components_array, shape (n_components, n_features)

Principal axes in feature space, representing the directions of maximum variance in the data. The components are sorted by explained_variance_.

explained_variance_array, shape (n_components,)

The amount of variance explained by each of the selected components.

Equal to n_components largest eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of X.

explained_variance_ratio_array, shape (n_components,)

Percentage of variance explained by each of the selected components.

If n_components is not set then all components are stored and the sum of the ratios is equal to 1.0.

singular_values_array, shape (n_components,)

The singular values corresponding to each of the selected components. The singular values are equal to the 2-norms of the n_components variables in the lower-dimensional space.

mean_array, shape (n_features,)

Per-feature empirical mean, estimated from the training set.

Equal to X.mean(axis=0).

n_components_int

The estimated number of components. When n_components is set to ‘mle’ or a number between 0 and 1 (with svd_solver == ‘full’) this number is estimated from input data. Otherwise it equals the parameter n_components, or the lesser value of n_features and n_samples if n_components is None.

noise_variance_float

The estimated noise covariance following the Probabilistic PCA model from Tipping and Bishop 1999. See “Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning” by C. Bishop, 12.2.1 p. 574 or http://www.miketipping.com/papers/met-mppca.pdf. It is required to computed the estimated data covariance and score samples.

Equal to the average of (min(n_features, n_samples) - n_components) smallest eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of X.

Notes

Differences from scikit-learn:

  • svd_solver : ‘randomized’ uses dask.linalg.svd_compressed ‘full’ uses dask.linalg.svd, ‘arpack’ is not valid.

  • iterated_power : defaults to 0, the default for dask.linalg.svd_compressed.

  • n_components : n_components='mle' is not allowed. Fractional n_components between 0 and 1 is not allowed.

References

Direct QR factorizations for tall-and-skinny matrices in MapReduce architectures. A. Benson, D. Gleich, and J. Demmel. IEEE International Conference on Big Data, 2013. http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1071

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> import dask.array as da
>>> from dask_ml.decomposition import PCA
>>> X = np.array([[-1, -1], [-2, -1], [-3, -2], [1, 1], [2, 1], [3, 2]])
>>> dX = da.from_array(X, chunks=X.shape)
>>> pca = PCA(n_components=2)
>>> pca.fit(dX)
PCA(copy=True, iterated_power='auto', n_components=2, random_state=None,
  svd_solver='auto', tol=0.0, whiten=False)
>>> print(pca.explained_variance_ratio_)  
[ 0.99244...  0.00755...]
>>> print(pca.singular_values_)  
[ 6.30061...  0.54980...]

>>> pca = PCA(n_components=2, svd_solver='full')
>>> pca.fit(dX)                 
PCA(copy=True, iterated_power='auto', n_components=2, random_state=None,
  svd_solver='full', tol=0.0, whiten=False)
>>> print(pca.explained_variance_ratio_)  
[ 0.99244...  0.00755...]
>>> print(pca.singular_values_)  
[ 6.30061...  0.54980...]

Methods

fit(X[, y])

Fit the model with X.

fit_transform(X[, y])

Fit the model with X and apply the dimensionality reduction on X.

get_covariance()

Compute data covariance with the generative model.

get_feature_names_out([input_features])

Get output feature names for transformation.

get_metadata_routing()

Get metadata routing of this object.

get_params([deep])

Get parameters for this estimator.

get_precision()

Compute data precision matrix with the generative model.

inverse_transform(X)

Transform data back to its original space.

score(X[, y])

Return the average log-likelihood of all samples.

score_samples(X)

Return the log-likelihood of each sample.

set_output(*[, transform])

Set output container.

set_params(**params)

Set the parameters of this estimator.

transform(X)

Apply dimensionality reduction on X.
__init__(n_components=None, copy=True, whiten=False, svd_solver='auto', tol=0.0, iterated_power=0, random_state=None)

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